Biosphere and sociosphere

Biosphere is a life supporting layer, which surrounds the earth and makes plant and animal life possible without any protective device. It consists of all the living organisms (the biotic component), energy (energy component) and physical environment (abiotic component). There are continuous interactions between living organisms and physical environment and also among the living organisms themselves. The average thickness of the biosphere or life supporting layer consists of air, water, soil and rock is about 30 km. 

The upper limit of the biosphere is determined by the availability of oxygen, moisture, temperature, and air pressure with increase in height in atmosphere limits the upper boundary of the biosphere. The lower limits of the biosphere are determined by the availability of required amount of oxygen and light, which can sustain life. Thus, the depth of biosphere over the land is unto the depth of the deepest roots of the trees or the depth unto which can live the burrowing organisms or the depth at which lie the parent bedrocks. The biosphere extends unto greater depth in the oceans.

Socio-Sphere

Man is a special animal with the inbuilt instinct to be with his group. Since man is most communicative, his behavioural concerns relate to his fellow beings. Thus man's attitudes to life and value system are shared by the size and quality of the group to which he belongs.

Groups of people living together on a certain territory form a community. It comprises a composition of species, a characteristic food network and energy flow pathway. Communities thus form the living components of living components of eco - system. Over the time, species in each community carve out a special place for themselves. Community is not stable but dynamic, changing regularly over time and space.

A community has its own composition, structure, and developmental history. Environment and society are closely related and inter-dependent. Different social groups and social structures like industrial, agricultural, political, cultural, religious and aesthetic etc. Have evolved and developed during various stages of development of human civilization and these social structures represent man's accumulated cultural resources primarily based on natural environment. Environment has been changing over a period of time due to

(i) Variations in climatic and physiographic factors, and

(ii) The activities of the species of the communities themselves.

These influences bring about a marked change in the dominance of the existing community. Human behavior has been known by its characteristics, social organizations, social processes, economy and culture depend upon geographical environment. Density and distribution of population, social differentiation, cultural variations, character of economic, political, social, religious organizations and all social phenomena contribute in the making of the social sphere.